Colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) develops in the colon or rectum, often from non-cancerous polyps that can grow and become malignant. It is among the five most deadly cancers, but it is also one of the most preventable through the early detection and removal of precancerous polyps.

Predisposition

Lifestyle and dietary habits significantly influence the risk of developing colorectal cancer.

Obesity

Excess weight increases the risk of CRC, especially in men.

Physical inactivity

Sedentary lifestyles increase the risk due to poorer metabolic health.

Smoking

Tobacco use contributes to inflammation and DNA damage in the colon.

Diet

Diets high in red and processed meats are linked to increased risk.

Alcohol

Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with a higher incidence of CRC.

Symptoms

Symptoms often appear at advanced stages, underlining the importance of regular screening.

Changes in bowel habits

Persistent diarrhea or constipation.

Rectal bleeding

Presence of blood in the stool, which may appear bright red or blackish.

Abdominal discomfort

Cramps, bloating, or pain

Unexplained weight loss

May indicate advanced illness.

Fatigue

The result of blood loss or the progression of advanced cancer.

Diagnostic

Advanced screening methods allow for early detection and prevention.

Colonoscopy

Benchmark screening tool to identify and remove polyps.Frequency: Every 10 years for individuals at average risk; earlier and more frequently for cases at high risk.

Stool based tests

Detect altered blood or DNA in stools

Liquid biopsies

Emerging technology to detect cancer cell DNA in the bloodstream.

Imaging (CT colonography)

Provides a non-invasive visualization of the colon.

Therapy

Treatment strategies depend on the stage of the cancer and the patient's overall health.

Surgical resection

Removal of localized tumors and affected lymph nodes.

Chemotherapy

Used in advanced or metastatic cases of CRC to slow disease progression.

Radiotherapy

Often combined with chemotherapy for rectal cancers.

Targeted therapy

Drugs like bevacizumab target molecular pathways specific to CRC.

Immunotherapy

Emerging treatments such as checkpoint inhibitors.