Prostate cancer

Prostate cancer develops in the prostate gland, a part of the male reproductive system. It is one of the most common cancers in men. Although many cases progress slowly and remain localized, aggressive forms can spread (metastasize), significantly affecting survival rates.

Predisposition

While genetic predisposition is significant, certain lifestyle factors also contribute to the risk of prostate cancer.

Obesity

Linked to aggressive forms of prostate cancer due to chronic inflammation and metabolic changes.

Physical inactivity

Reduces overall metabolic and hormonal balance

Smoking

Associated with poorer outcomes and higher rates of recurrence after treatment.

Diet

Diets high in processed meats and saturated fats are associated with increased risk.

Symptoms

Early stage prostate cancer is often asymptomatic, but symptoms may develop as the disease progresses.

Urinary changes

Difficulty starting or stopping urination, low flow, or frequent urination, especially at night.

Blood in the urine or sperm

A sign of advanced illness.

Pelvic pain

Indicates a possible spread to nearby tissue.

Bone pain

Suggests bone metastases, which are common in advanced stages.

Diagnostic

Early and accurate detection improves care and reduces unnecessary interventions.

PSA test (prostate specific antigen)

Measures the number of atherogenic lipoproteins.

High risk
Rapid increases or values >10 ng/mL that may indicate how fast the cancer is progressing.

Normal
PSA <4 ng/mL

Multiparametric MRI

Offers detailed imaging to distinguish benign from malignant conditions.

4K blood test

Evaluate proteins to predict cancer aggressiveness.

Therapy

Prostate cancer treatment is highly personalized, balancing effectiveness and quality of life.

Active surveillance

For low-risk cases, involves regular follow-up instead of immediate treatment.

Surgery (prostatectomy)

Removal of the prostate gland for localized cancer.

Radiotherapy

External beam or brachytherapy for localized or advanced cases.

Hormonal therapy

Lowers testosterone to slow cancer growth.

Chemotherapy

Used for advanced or hormone resistant cancers.

Emerging therapies

Immune treatments like checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapy (ACT).