Lung cancer

Lung cancer starts in the tissue in the lungs, usually in the cells that line the airways. It is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, often associated with smoking but can also occur in non-smokers. Advances in early detection and combination therapies are improving outcomes for this aggressive disease.

Predisposition

Lifestyle habits and environmental exposures significantly influence the risk of lung cancer.

Smoking

Main risk factor, especially in long-term or intensive smokers.

Second-hand smoke

Passive exposure increases the risk, even for non-smokers.

Air pollution

Chronic exposure to particles and toxins contributes to the development of lung cancer.

Radon gas

Natural radioactive gas that is a major risk factor in poorly ventilated areas.

Symptoms

Symptoms often appear at advanced stages, making early detection crucial.

Chronic cough

A persistent cough that is often worsened over time.

Hemoptysis

Rejection of blood when coughing, even in small quantities.

Chest pain

Pain or discomfort that worsens with deep breaths or coughing

Shortness of breath

Caused by airway obstruction or fluid accumulation.

Unintentional weight loss

The result of blood loss or the progression of advanced cancer.

Diagnostic

Early detection significantly improves prognosis, especially for high-risk groups.

Low dose scanner screening (LDCT)

Recommended for current and former smokers aged 50 to 80.

Biopsy

Tissue sampling confirms the type and stage of the cancer.

Liquid biopsies

Emerging technology that detects tumor DNA in the bloodstream.

Genetic test

Identify mutations like EGFR and ALK, guiding targeted therapies.

Therapy

Lung cancer treatment is guided by the type of cancer (small cell or non-small cell), stage, and health status of the patient.

Surgery

Lobectomy or pneumonectomy for tumors that are localized at an early stage.

Radiotherapy

Targets tumours that cannot be surgically removed

Chemotherapy

Platinum-based protocols for the systemic treatment of advanced cancers.

Immunotherapy

Checkpoint inhibitors like pembrolizumab improve survival in some patients.

Targeted therapy

EGFR inhibitors (e.g. gefitinib) for cancers with specific genetic mutations.

ALK inhibitors for ALK-positive tumors.