Gestational diabetes

Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after delivery. It occurs when hormonal changes and insulin resistance in the body alter the ability to regulate blood sugar levels. GDM increases risks for mother and child, including the future development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic disorders.

Predisposition

Certain lifestyle and predisposing factors contribute to the development of gestational diabetes.

Diet

High consumption of refined carbohydrates and sugar foods worsens insulin resistance.

Obesity

Excessive weight gain during pregnancy increases insulin resistance.

Inactivity

A sedentary lifestyle reduces the absorption of glucose by muscles, reducing insulin resistance.

Family history

Poor sleep quality contributes to metabolic dysfunction and elevated cortisol levels.

Symptoms

Symptoms may be mild or absent, but often resemble those of general diabetes.

Increased thirst (Polydipsia)

Excess glucose is found in the urine, causing water to be lost.

Frequent urination (Polyuria)

Caused by high levels of glucose in the blood.

Fatigue and weakness

The result of the body's inability to use glucose for energy.

Blurred vision

High Glucose Levels Affect Eye Fluid Balance

Diagnostic

Routine screening during pregnancy is crucial in identifying gestational diabetes.

Fasting blood sugar test

Normal
‍ <60 mg/dL.

Diabetic
>126 mg/dL

Hemoglobin A1c

Reflects the average blood sugar level over three months.

Normal
‍ < 5.7%

Diabetic
> 6.5%

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

Evaluates the body's ability to process glucose.

Therapy

Gestational diabetes management focuses on maintaining healthy blood glucose levels throughout pregnancy.

Dietary changes
  • Low glycemic index diets, calorie restriction, and physical activity improve glucose control.
  • Zone 2 exercise promotes the absorption of glucose by the muscles, thus bypassing insulin resistance.
Medications
  • Insulin therapy is often prescribed if lifestyle changes are not enough
  • Metformin may be considered as an alternative.
  • Continuous glucose monitoring: Provides real-time information on glucose fluctuations.