Type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune condition in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This results in an inability to regulate blood sugar levels. Although often diagnosed in children or adolescents, T1D can occur at any age. Insulin therapy and lifestyle management are critical for long-term survival and health.

Predisposition

Although T1D results primarily from genetic and autoimmune processes, certain environmental factors may influence its onset.

Environmental triggers

Viral infections (e.g., enteroviruses) can trigger autoimmune responses in genetically predisposed individuals.

Genetics

Family history increases susceptibility, especially with certain HLA gene mutations.

Diet

Early exposure to cow's milk protein or gluten during childhood has been suggested as a potential trigger in some cases.

Symptoms

T1D symptoms often develop rapidly and require immediate medical attention.

Excessive thirst (Polydipsia)

Excessive fluid consumption due to dehydration.

Frequent urination (Polyuria)

Caused by high levels of glucose in the blood.

Unintentional weight loss

Due to the breakdown of fat and muscle to produce energy.

Fatigue and weakness

The result of the body's inability to use glucose as an energy source.

Blurred vision

High glucose levels affect the balance of fluids in the eyes.

Diagnostic

An accurate and timely diagnosis is essential for managing T1D and preventing complications.

Fasting blood sugar test

Normal
‍ <60 mg/dL.

Diabetic
>126 mg/dL

Hemoglobin A1c

Reflects the average blood sugar level over three months.

Normal
‍ < 5.7%

Diabetic
> 6.5%

Autoantibody test

Identifies immune markers that target beta cells.

C-peptide test

Differentiate T1D from T2DM by measuring insulin production.

Therapy

Insulin therapy is the cornerstone of T1D management, along with lifestyle interventions.

Insulin therapy

Administered through insulin injections or pumps to maintain blood glucose levels.

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)

Tracks glucose levels in real time for better control

Exercise

Improves glucose absorption and reduces insulin requirements.

Diet

Emphasizes carbohydrate counting and foods with a low glycemic index.