Type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive beta cell dysfunction. It is mainly caused by lifestyle factors, such as poor diet, obesity, and physical inactivity, although a genetic predisposition also plays a role. T2D has become a global epidemic and is closely linked to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Predisposition

Modifiable lifestyle factors significantly influence the development of T2D.

Diet

High consumption of refined carbohydrates and sugary foods worsens insulin resistance.

Obesity

Excess fat, especially visceral fat, increases insulin resistance and inflammation.

Inactivity

Sedentary lifestyles reduce the absorption of glucose by muscles, worsening insulin resistance.

Sleep disorder

Poor sleep quality contributes to metabolic dysfunction and high levels of cortisol.

Symptoms

Symptoms often develop gradually, making early detection difficult.

Excessive thirst (Polydipsia)

Excess glucose passes into the urine, taking water with it.

Frequent urination (Polyuria)

Caused by high levels of glucose in the blood.

Numbness or tingling

Due to the breakdown of fat and muscle to produce energy.

Fatigue and weakness

The result of the body's inability to use glucose as an energy source.

Blurred vision

High glucose levels affect the balance of eye fluids.

Diagnostic

An accurate diagnosis is based on blood sugar tests and the identification of the first signs of insulin resistance.

Fasting blood sugar test

Normal
‍ <60 mg/dL.

D
‍ >126 mg/dL

Hemoglobin A1c

Reflects the average blood sugar level over three months.

Normal
‍ < 5.7%

Diabetic
> 6.5%

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

Evaluates the body's ability to process glucose.

Insulin resistance tests

Differentiates T1D from T2D by measuring insulin production

Therapy

Management involves lifestyle changes, medication, and regular monitoring.

Lifestyle changes
  • Low glycemic index diets, calorie restriction, and physical activity improve blood sugar control.
  • Exercising in zone 2 improves glucose uptake by muscles, bypassing insulin resistance.
Medications
  • Metformin: Reduces glucose production in the liver and improves insulin sensitivity.
  • GLP-1 receptor agonists: Help control blood sugar levels and help with weight loss.
  • SGLT2 inhibitors: Promote the excretion of glucose through the urine.
  • Continuous glucose monitoring: Provides real-time information on blood sugar fluctuations.