Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease is the leading cause of dementia, characterized by a gradual decline in cognitive functions, including memory, reasoning, and the ability to perform daily tasks. It is linked to the accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques and tau protein tangles in the brain, leading to neuronal damage. Although the disease develops over several decades, early interventions that target metabolic and vascular health offer potential for prevention.

Predisposition

Several modifiable factors influence the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease by affecting brain and general health.

Physical inactivity

Reduces levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is essential for neuronal health.

Poor sleep quality

Disrupted sleep compromises the elimination of amyloid-beta plaques by the glymphatic system.

Obesity

Associated with a reduction in glucose metabolism in the brain and an increased risk of neurodegeneration.

Diet

Diets high in processed foods increase oxidative stress and inflammation, both of which contribute to Alzheimer's disease.

Symptoms

Symptoms develop gradually, from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to severe dementia.

Early symptoms
  • Difficulty remembering recent events.
  • Loss of everyday objects and forgetting names.
Moderate symptoms
  • Confusion and disorientation.
  • Personality changes and mood swings.
Advanced symptoms
  • Loss of ability to communicate effectively.
  • Dependence on others for basic needs.

Diagnostic

Advances in imaging and biomarker testing allow for earlier and more accurate detection of Alzheimer's disease.

Amyloid PET scans

Detect amyloid-beta plaques in the brain

Biomarkers in the CSF

Measure levels of amyloid and tau proteins in cerebrospinal fluid.

Cognitive Assessments

Standardized tests to assess memory, reasoning, and language skills.

APOE genotyping

Identifies genetic predisposition; APOE e4 significantly increases risk.

Therapy

Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, slowing disease progression, and improving quality of life.

Medications

Cholinesterase inhibitors: Slow down the degradation of acetylcholine, supporting communication between neurons.

NMDA receptor antagonists: Help regulate glutamate levels to protect neurons.

Lifestyle interventions

Regular exercise improves vascular health and reduces oxidative stress.

Cognitive training to maintain brain functions.

Emerging therapies

Trials that target the early elimination of amyloid-beta plaques prior to the accumulation of tau proteins.