Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting motor control due to the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. It is manifested by tremors, stiffness, bradykinesia (impairment of movements) and postural instability. Although the exact cause remains unknown, genetic and environmental factors contribute significantly. Lifestyle changes and emerging therapies aim to slow the progression of the disease.

Predisposition

Lifestyle factors, while not primary causes, influence the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease.

Physical inactivity

Lack of movement can reduce resilience in the face of motor degeneration.

Exposure to Toxins

Pesticides, herbicides, and heavy metals have been associated with increased risk.

Tobacco and Caffeine

Associated with a decrease in glucose metabolism in the brain and an increased risk of neurodegeneration.

Diet

Diets low in antioxidants may exacerbate oxidative stress in neurons.

Symptoms

The symptoms of Parkinson's disease progress, affecting motor and non-motor functions.

Motor symptoms
  • Tremors, often starting in one hand or arm.
  • Stiffness or stiffness of the muscles.
  • Bradykinesia, of movements.
  • Postural instability, leading to frequent falls.
Non-motor symptoms
  • Depression and anxiety.
  • Sleep disorders, including REM sleep behavior disorder.
  • Cognitive Decline in Later Stages

Diagnostic

There are no definitive tests for Parkinson's disease; diagnosis is based on clinical evaluations and imaging.

Clinical evaluation

The diagnosis is based on the observation of motor symptoms and the response to dopamine therapy.

DaTSCAN

Assess dopamine transporter levels in the brain

Genetic test

Identify mutations in genes such as LRRK2 or SNCA associated with familial Parkinson's disease.

Therapy

Therapeutic interventions focus on managing symptoms and improving quality of life.

Medications
  • Levodopa: The most effective treatment for motor symptoms by restoring dopamine.
  • Dopamine agonists: mimic the effects of dopamine but may cause side effects such as impulsive behaviors.
  • MAO-B inhibitors: Slow the degradation of dopamine in the brain.
Physiotherapy

Exercises to improve balance, strength, and flexibility.

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)

Surgical implantation of electrodes to modulate brain activity in advanced cases.

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)

Surgical implantation of electrodes to modulate brain activity in advanced cases.