Chloride is an essential electrolyte in the human body. It helps maintain water balance and plays a role in regulating blood pH. Along with other electrolytes such as sodium and potassium, chloride guarantees the proper functioning of cells by allowing electrical signals to pass between them.

Chloride is also crucial for digestion, as it is part of the hydrochloric acid produced in the stomach. Abnormal chloride levels can lead to a variety of health problems, including related to dehydration, kidney function, or metabolic disorders. It is an important biomarker for diagnosing certain diseases and monitoring their evolution.

A chloride test is generally not included in routine health checkups. However, it may be recommended in the following cases:

• Persistent breathing problems.
• Prolonged dehydration, for example after severe diarrhea or vomiting.
• Generalized fatigue and weakness not improving over time.
• Suspicion of kidney problems, in the presence of other signs of kidney disease.
• Excessive vomiting or diarrhea extending over several days.

Chloride is usually measured by a blood test or a urine test:

• Blood test : A sample is taken from a vein to measure the chloride level in the blood. This test is often included in an electrolytic panel or a basal metabolic assessment (BMP).
• Urine test : Allows you to assess the ability of the kidneys to regulate fluids and to detect electrolyte imbalances.

Preparations for the Test

• Blood tests : No special preparation is required.
• Urine tests : Your doctor may ask you to stop diuretics 48 hours before the test, as they may affect the results.

Normal chloride levels vary depending on age and other factors:

• Children (up to 17 years old) : 102-112 mmol/L
• Adults (18 and over) : 98-107 mmol/L
• Pregnant women :
  • 1st quarter : 101-105 mmol/L
  • 3rd quarter : 97-109 mmol/L

note : The normal ranges may vary depending on the laboratory and the specific methods used.

High Chloride Levels (Hyperchloremia)

High chloride levels may indicate several underlying problems:

Common causes:

• Dehydration : Lack of water in the body, increasing chloride concentration.
• Kidney disease : Dysfunction of the kidneys affecting the regulation of chloride.
• Metabolic disorders : Some metabolic imbalances can upset electrolyte levels.
• Excessive salt consumption : A diet high in salt may result in high levels.
• Hyperventilation : Prolonged rapid breathing may cause increased chloride levels.

Recommendations:

• Maintain adequate hydration by drinking enough water.
• Reduce the consumption of foods that are high in salt.
• Consult a physician to diagnose any underlying conditions.

Low Chloride Levels (Hypochloremia)

Low chloride levels can also result from a variety of factors:

Common causes:

• Excessive fluid loss : For example, vomiting or diarrhea.
• Adrenal gland problems : Like Addison's disease.
• Heart failure : Excessive fluid retention can lead to decreased chloride levels.
• Chronic lung disease : Some lung conditions interfere with electrolyte balance.

Recommendations:

• Rehydrate yourself with water or electrolyte drinks.
• Make sure you get enough electrolytes from your diet.
• Consult a physician if underlying heart or lung conditions are suspected.

In case of abnormal chloride levels, it may be useful to consult:

• General practitioner : For a general assessment of your health.
• Nephrologist : If kidney problems are suspected.
• Endocrinologist : For hormonal disorders affecting chloride levels.
• Pulmonologist : In case of chronic lung disease.

Prompt diagnosis and appropriate management are essential to maintain electrolyte balance and prevent complications.