Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, a small gland located at the base of the brain. This hormone plays an essential role in various functions, especially in relation to reproduction and lactation.

In women, prolactin is essential for breast development during pregnancy and for milk production after delivery. Although it is mainly associated with women, prolactin is also present in men and is involved in the regulation of reproductive health.

In addition to its role in breastfeeding, prolactin levels can influence a variety of body processes. Prolactin tests are often used to diagnose medical conditions related to the pituitary gland, thyroid disorders, or reproductive health problems.

A prolactin test is generally recommended when hormonal problems that may affect reproduction or pituitary function are suspected. It can also be used to diagnose certain conditions and monitor their treatment.

Common reasons for prescribing a prolactin test include:

• Infertility in men and women
• Lack of breast milk production after delivery
• Unexpected production of breast milk (galactorrhea), including in men
• Breast tenderness or pain
• Abnormal menstrual disorders
• Breast augmentation in men
• Early Menopause Symptoms
• Follow-up of pituitary tumors or associated disorders
• General hormonal health assessment

The prolactin test is mainly done by taking a blood test. A blood sample is taken from a vein in the arm to be analyzed.

In some rare cases, prolactin can also be measured via a urine test. However, blood tests are the most common and reliable.

Preparations before the test:

• It is recommended that the test be done in the morning because prolactin levels naturally fluctuate during the day and are generally higher after waking up.
• Avoid stress, as it can temporarily increase prolactin levels.
• Do not eat or drink anything other than water for 6 to 8 hours prior to the test.
• Avoid breast stimulation (breast-feeding or physical contact) before the test, as this can also affect the results.

Prolactin levels vary by gender, age, and pregnancy status. Here are the normal ranges:

• Men: 2.0-18.0 ng/mL
• Non-pregnant women: 3.0-30.0 ng/mL
• Pregnant women: 10.0-209.0 ng/mL
• Postmenopausal women: 2.0-20.0 ng/mL

Note: Normal measurement units and ranges may vary depending on the laboratory and the specific methods used.

High levels

High levels of prolactin, called hyperprolactinaemia, can have a number of causes. It is important to consult a health professional to identify the exact cause.

Common causes:

• Stress: Physical or emotional stress can temporarily increase prolactin.
• Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Prolactin levels naturally increase during pregnancy and breastfeeding to help produce milk.
• Pituitary tumors: Prolactinomas, benign tumors, can cause an increase in prolactin.
• Thyroid disorders: Hypothyroidism can cause prolactin levels to rise.
• Obesity: High body weight can affect hormone production.
• Kidney or liver diseases: These conditions can interfere with the elimination of hormones.
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): This hormonal disorder in women is sometimes linked to high levels of prolactin.

Recommendations:

• Consult a doctor to identify the underlying cause and put an appropriate plan in place.
• Monitor thyroid function: Check your thyroid hormone levels.
• Manage stress: Engage in relaxing activities like meditation or gentle exercise.
• Maintain a healthy weight: A balanced diet and regular physical activity can help.
• Follow the treatments prescribed for associated conditions, such as PCOS or a pituitary tumor.

Low levels

Low levels of prolactin, although less common, may indicate other health conditions. They are usually linked to pituitary disorders or other hormonal imbalances.

Common causes:

• Pituitary disorders: Hypopituitarism, a condition where the pituitary gland does not produce enough hormones, can cause prolactin levels to drop.
• Menopause: Natural hormonal changes during menopause can reduce prolactin levels.
• Hepatic failure: The liver plays a key role in hormone metabolism, and its dysfunction can lower hormone levels.
• Hypoglycemia: A significant drop in blood sugar can sometimes reduce prolactin.

Recommendations:

• Consult a doctor for a thorough evaluation of the cause of the drop in prolactin.
• Check pituitary function: Specific tests may be required.
• Take care of your liver health: Adopt lifestyle changes or treatments to support the liver.
• Watch your blood sugar levels: If hypoglycemia is the cause, eat a balanced diet.

In the event of abnormal prolactin levels, it is important to consult an appropriate specialist for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.

• Endocrinologist: A specialist in hormones, he can diagnose and treat prolactin-related disorders, especially those in the pituitary gland.
• Gynecologist: Especially for women, a gynecologist can help manage reproductive and pregnancy issues.
• Reproductologist: If infertility is a concern, a reproductologist can suggest appropriate solutions.
• General practitioner: For an initial diagnosis and referrals to specialists.

Working with the right specialist allows you to receive personalized care to effectively manage your prolactin levels.